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16 - Neuroendocrine-immune interactions in neurotropic viral infections
- from Section III - Introduction: immunity, diagnosis, vector, and beneficial uses of neurotropic viruses
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- By C. Jane Welsh, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Andrew J. Steelman, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Amy N. Sieve, Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Wentao Mi, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Robin R. Johnson, Psychology Department, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Colin R. Young, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Thomas W. Prentice, Psychology Department, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, Mary W. Meagher, Psychology Department, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Edited by Carol Shoshkes Reiss, New York University
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- Book:
- Neurotropic Viral Infections
- Published online:
- 22 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 16 October 2008, pp 300-314
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- Chapter
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Summary
Historical aspects of the neuroendocrine-immune connection
In order to understand the connection between the neuroendocrine and immune system, it is important to discuss the historical aspects of this relationship and the formulation of the concepts of homeostasis and stress. Claude Bernard in the 1860s developed the concept of “the milieu interne” to describe the balance of the internal milieu. In 1927, Cannon defined the fight or flight response to a threat and the concept of homeostasis as the physiological process by which an organism maintains a stable internal environment [1]. Then in 1936, Hans Selye observed that sick patients all had similar nonspecific symptoms: malaise, fever, and loss of appetite [2]. He proposed the general adaptation syndrome that states that when threatened by a threat or infection, the central nervous system (CNS) diverts the organism's energy reserves from nonessential functions (reproduction, growth) to functions that allow the organism to cope with the insult. Selye borrowed the term “stress” from the physical sciences to describe factors that upset homeostasis. He observed that stressed animals developed atrophy of the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes and enlarged adrenal glands. Eventually, these effects were discovered to be the result of activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). Recently, McEwen has proposed the concept of allostatic load, which describes the cumulative effects of chronic stess that can result in dysregulation of multiple integrated physiological systems [3].